Perceptual Constancies

Perceptual Constancies- the tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location. Regardless of changes in the angle of perception, distance, or lighting.

Size Constancy- within a certain range people's perception of one particular objects size will not change regardless distance or video size.

Brightness Constancy- a sheet of white paper seen in the bright sunlight and reflects a very different amount of light on the same sheet of paper

Shape Constancy- refers to the phenomenon in which the percept of the shape of a given object remains despite changes in the shape of the retinal image

Figure-ground Perception

Figure-ground Perception: the visual system's ability to recognize objects; in Gestalt it is identifying a figure from the background : ex: Here we see a candle stick, which is the background, then we see 2 faces

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/42/8d/7c/428d7c2caec1762c22d4c2b0d7fbc87b.jpg

Reversible Figures

Reversible Figures: optical illusion image where one image is able to be perceived as two or more different images, ex: in this image, both a duck and a rabbit are visible

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/09/d3/3b/09d33be51389316e7b9e94571b55ecb3.jpg

Phi Phenomenon

Phi Phenomenon: the optical illusion when you see a  movement from a still image; mostly often seen in optical illusions, ex: in this image you can see a ripple effect

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwigtqzH7YjQAhUE64MKHZUCCH0QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babaimage.com%2Fimage%2Fdisplaying-17-images-for-max-wertheimer-phi-phenomenon&psig=AFQjCNFD_nOKfuNKKHJ_qudenwO31QBWlw&ust=1478134242993098

Perception of Movement

Perception of Movement (stroboscopic motion): a visual phenomenon where we see movement as a series of "pictures", and not a continuously moving object

                                    We do not see the dinosaur running; we see it as a series of "pictures"

Clousure

Closure: explains how humans fill in visual gaps of an image to make it complete.

for example if you see look up in the sky, and see a lot of stars, you will still be able to locate the big dipper even though you only know half of how it looks.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj73bHHkYjQAhVr6IMKHRKdBA0QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fholykaw.alltop.com%2F5-fun-facts-about-the-big-dipper&psig=AFQjCNFzL01ApskATzhAr1h5IN1hX5Eysw&ust=1478109614562094












Continuity: states the people tend to group forms in line and patterns as being similar
for example in the following picture with the geese, we perceive the formation to be a big "V"
 




https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjsxN6YxYjQAhUo0oMKHetwA-8QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Feasyscienceforkids.com%2Fall-about-geese%2F&psig=AFQjCNF2IzDSbGsCivzxr-8PQx0WJX4N4Q&ust=1478123474335131

Similarity: objects that are similar in appearance are perceived to be identical.

for example, in the picture to the left, most people see a horizontal grouping of pink triangles and blue windmill shape.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjvgY23xYjQAhXk54MKHdCgDH4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3rootsstudios.com%2Finspiration-graphic-design-gestalt%2F&psig=AFQjCNEktgmsF4otUzKGmTJTq3Jb9JrHDQ&ust=1478123541511514

Proximity: objects that are close together are more likely perceived as being in the same group

the image to the right, shows people that are close together, so we precise these people as being in the same group.

Depth Perception

by: Katie McCarty

Monocular cues: depth cues that are available to each eye separately since the retinal disparity and convergence while looking ahead are slight

Relative size: Allows humans to determine how close and how big an object is compared to an object of known size
       Ex: The moon appears closer in proximity to the earth when it is near the horizon than when it is high up in the sky because of we know the distance of trees and buildings on the horizon, but we have nothing to compare it to when it is high up in the sky. (http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Relative%20Size)

http://www.astronomy.org/StarWatch/July/7-08-moon-illusion.jpg

Interposition: If one object is partially blocked by another, we perceive it as being closer to us
            Ex: In this picture, the hot air balloon appears to be closer than the others because it is partially blocking all of the other hot air balloons.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/42/79/62/427962eb4372d08bd358e8d74f303f09.gif

Relative clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive
hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects
             Ex: In this photo, the stack of rocks are in much clearer view than the ocean and the clouds, so the rocks appear much closer to us than the ocean.

http://www.michelemmartin.com/.a/6a00d83451fd2469e20192abef739b970d-pi

Texture Gradient: A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed
           Ex: In this painting, the red flowers in the foreground are farther apart from one another, making them appear closer to the eye. And as you travel farther back into the painting, the flowers are placed much closer together to give the allusion they are farther away.

http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/aesthetics/image/depth06.jpg

Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.
             Ex: In this picture, the mountains are higher in our field of vision than the bulls traveling in the field, so the mountains appear to be much farther away than the bulls.

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1873/flashcards/777590/jpg/clouds.jpg

Relative Motion: As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move.
          Ex: In this picture, the guy is looking out the window at the cars in the parking lot, and the cars appear to move since he is moving as well, but in actuality they are stable in the parking lot. 

http://cache3.asset-cache.net/xd/98555617.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=F13A1F9190F00936BCBA53760655FE933B9DB0D1513BFBBC8EBABCF0E0C1D74ED657AE9A5996A923

Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
         Ex: In this picture, the railroad tracks are indeed parallel, but they appear to get closer and closer together, until they appear to converge because of how far away they are getting.

http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/railroad_tracks.png

Binocular Cues: cues that are taken in by both eyes together, instead of separately(monocular), which helps to create 3D images in our eyes (http://study.com/academy/lesson/binocular-cues-definition-examples.html)

Retinal Disparity: Our eyes are about 6 centimeters apart from one another, so each eye has a slightly different view than the other, especially with angles and corners of objects (http://study.com/academy/lesson/binocular-cues-definition-examples.html)
        Ex: In this image, you can see that when you put your finger against the tree with both eyes open, then close one at a time, the tree appears to move next to the finger because of the different angles between the eyes.

http://oerpub.github.io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1423_Retinal_Disparity.jpg

Convergence: the closer an object is in our field of vision, the more inward our eyes have to turn in order to focus the image (http://allpsych.com/psychology101/perception/)
          Ex: Like in this image, if you hold a pencil at arms length, you can see it pretty clearly without much effort. but the closer you bring it in to your face, the more your eyes have to turn in and the more effort it takes for the eyes to refocus the pencil.

http://www.kevinobrien.com.au/stock/convergence_excess.jpg